There's more to the Northern Lights than you see

Jnana Hodson

Jan 9

Living as far north as I do, just a hair below the 45^th parallel halfway between the north pole and the equator, I'm starting to keep an eye out for the Northern Lights on clear nights through winter. Moonlight, clouds, precipitation, and pollution all block viewing, but our remote location means that many of our nights can be visually crisp and rewarding for those who bundle up.

More formally, the beautiful, dancing waves of light are known as the aurora borealis, named by the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei in 1619 in honor of Aurora, the Roman goddess of dawn, and Boreas, the Greek god of the north wind. They most famously resemble giant colorful curtains blown by some cosmic wind, though that's all a mesmerizing illusion. In fact, where I live, they're more likely to be detected by time-exposure photography than by the naked eye.
They're best viewed between September and April, when the night sky is longest and darkest, especially in the "auroral zone," a cap roughly within a 1,550-mile radius of the North Pole. Places like Fairbanks, Alaska; Tromso, Norway; Lapland, Finland; Orkney, Scotland; and Yellowknife, Canada, are key travel destinations for viewing, but rare sightings have been reported as far south as tropical Honolulu, Hawaii.
While Northern Lights happen 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, they are most intense after a geomagnetic solar storm, which tosses energized particles into Earth's upper atmosphere at speeds up to 45 million miles an hour. As the Earth's magnetic field shields the surface by drawing the onslaught toward the poles, the energized particles collide with atmospheric gases, producing vibrant hues of blue, green, pink, violet, and even gold in surreal movement across the night sky.
Solar storm emissions run in 11-year cycles. The last peak of extreme activity was in 2014, and the next is next year. We're already in the higher-than-usual range.
The strongest geomagnetic storms can disrupt GPS systems and radio signals. One temporarily knocked out electricity across the entire Canadian province of Quebec. The largest solar storm recorded, Carrington Event of 1859, sparked fires on telegraphs. I remember some occasions in 1970-'71 when they turned the overnight teletype news reports from the Associated Press, United Press International, and other wire services into unintelligible jumbles. (Some of my Sun Spot poems are drawn from that outpouring.)
The storms even have the potential to wipe out the Internet for weeks or months unless the technology is "hardened," , according to some warnings.
The night lights also appear in the Southern Hemisphere as the aurora australis but are more elusive because there's less land mass, and, thus, fewer suitable spots for viewing the spectacle.
Earth's not alone. Jupiter, with a magnetic field 20,000 times stronger than Earth's, has far brighter blazes. Auroras have also been discovered on both Venus and Mars, despite their very weak magnetic fields.
NOAA's forecasts are available online at NOAA's Aurora Viewline for Tonight and Tomorrow Night page, mapping the southern-most locations from which you may see the aurora on the northern horizon.
The best time for viewing? One source says mostly just before sunrise or after sunset. Another says between 9 pm and 3 am.